| Beaufort number |
Description |
Wind speed |
Wave height |
Sea conditions |
Land conditions |
Sea state photo |
Emotional Impact When Sailing a Small Vessel |
| 0 |
Calm |
< 1 km/h (< 0.3 m/s) |
0 m |
Flat. |
Calm. Smoke rises vertically. |
 |
Relaxation, tinged with boredom. |
| < 1 mph |
| < 1 kn |
0 ft |
| < 0.3 m/s |
| 1 |
Light air |
1.1–5.5 km/h (0.3–2 m/s) |
0–0.2 m |
Ripples without crests. |
Smoke drift indicates wind direction and wind vanes cease moving. |
 |
Boredom, with a hint of hope. |
| 1–3 mph |
| 1–2 kn |
0–1 ft |
| 0.3–1.5 m/s |
| 2 |
Light breeze |
5.6–11 km/h (2–3 m/s) |
0.2–0.5 m |
Small wavelets. Crests of glassy appearance, not breaking |
Wind felt on exposed skin. Leaves rustle and wind vanes begin to move. |
 |
Sails full, boat moving, albeit slowly. Mild smile forming. |
| 4–7 mph |
| 3–6 kn |
1–2 ft |
| 1.6–3.4 m/s |
| 3 |
Gentle breeze |
12–19 km/h (3–5 m/s) |
0.5–1 m |
Large wavelets. Crests begin to break; scattered whitecaps |
Leaves and small twigs constantly moving, light flags extended. |
 |
Boat moves along nicely. Real smile forms. |
| 8–12 mph |
| 7–10 kn |
2–3.5 ft |
| 3.4–5.4 m/s |
| 4 |
Moderate breeze |
20–28 km/h (6–8 m/s) |
1–2 m |
Small waves with breaking crests. Fairly frequent whitecaps. |
Dust and loose paper raised. Small branches begin to move. |
 |
Hanging over the side with feet in the hiking straps. Alternating between big grins and serious looks while trying to REALLY get the boat to go. In The Zone! |
| 13–17 mph |
| 11–15 kn |
3.5–6 ft |
| 5.5–7.9 m/s |
| 5 |
Fresh breeze |
29–38 km/h (8.1-10.6 m/s) |
2–3 m |
Moderate waves of some length. Many whitecaps. Small amounts of spray. |
Branches of a moderate size move. Small trees in leaf begin to sway. |
 |
Pure Joy inside. Looks of concern on the outside. Having to start paying attention for when there’s gusts. |
| 18–24 mph |
| 16–20 kn |
6–9 ft |
| 8.0–10.7 m/s |
| 6 |
Strong breeze |
39–49 km/h (10.8-13.6 m/s) |
3–4 m |
Long waves begin to form. White foam crests are very frequent. Some airborne spray is present. |
Large branches in motion. Whistling heard in overhead wires. Umbrella use becomes difficult. Empty plastic garbage cans tip over. |
 |
A mixture of “WHEEEEE!!!!!” and “Uh oh” |
| 25–30 mph |
| 21–26 kn |
9–13 ft |
| 10.8–13.8 m/s |
| 7 |
High wind,
Moderate gale,
Near gale |
50–61 km/h (13.9-16.9 m/s) |
4–5.5 m |
Sea heaps up. Some foam from breaking waves is blown into streaks along wind direction. Moderate amounts of airborne spray. |
Whole trees in motion. Effort needed to walk against the wind. |
 |
The “Uh oh” is much stronger now. Tinges of real concern. Also wishing that we had donned life jackets before now. |
| 31–38 mph |
| 27–33 kn |
13–19 ft |
| 13.9–17.1 m/s |
| 8 |
Gale,
Fresh gale |
62–74 km/h (17.2-20.6 m/s) |
5.5–7.5 m |
Moderately high waves with breaking crests forming spindrift. Well-marked streaks of foam are blown along wind direction. Considerable airborne spray. |
Some twigs broken from trees. Cars veer on road. Progress on foot is seriously impeded. |
 |
Alright, this is just plain scary. Not worrying about passengers seeing the concern – there’s no time for that. |
| 39–46 mph |
| 34–40 kn |
18–25 ft |
| 17.2–20.7 m/s |
| 9 |
Strong gale |
75–88 km/h (20.8-24.4 m/s) |
7–10 m |
High waves whose crests sometimes roll over. Dense foam is blown along wind direction. Large amounts of airborne spray may begin to reduce visibility. |
Some branches break off trees, and some small trees blow over. Construction/temporary signs and barricades blow over. |
 |
No time to think about how frightening this is now. |
| 47–54 mph |
| 41–47 kn |
23–32 ft |
| 20.8–24.4 m/s |
| 10 |
Storm,[6]
Whole gale |
89–102 km/h (24.7-28.3 m/s) |
9–12.5 m |
Very high waves with overhanging crests. Large patches of foam from wave crests give the sea a white appearance. Considerable tumbling of waves with heavy impact. Large amounts of airborne spray reduce visibility. |
Trees are broken off or uprooted, saplings bent and deformed. Poorly attached asphalt shingles and shingles in poor condition peel off roofs. |
 |
Wondering Why on Earth we are out here. Only briefly wondering that though, due to the complete panic situation. |
| 55–63 mph |
| 48–55 kn |
29–41 ft |
| 24.5–28.4 m/s |
| 11 |
Violent storm |
103–117 km/h (28.6-32.5 m/s) |
11.5–16 m |
Exceptionally high waves. Very large patches of foam, driven before the wind, cover much of the sea surface. Very large amounts of airborne spray severely reduce visibility. |
Widespread damage to vegetation. Many roofing surfaces are damaged; asphalt tiles that have curled up and/or fractured due to age may break away completely. |
 |
Dear God. |
| 64–72 mph |
| 56–63 kn |
37–52 ft |
| 28.5–32.6 m/s |
| 12 |
Hurricane Force[6] |
≥ 118 km/h (≥ 32.8 m/s) |
≥ 14 m |
Huge waves. Sea is completely white with foam and spray. Air is filled with driving spray, greatly reducing visibility. |
Very widespread damage to vegetation. Some windows may break; mobile homes and poorly constructed sheds and barns are damaged. Debris may be hurled about. |
 |
The sails are blown off and we’re hitting record speed! Or maybe we’re dead. Tough to tell right now. |
| ≥ 73 mph |
| ≥ 64 kn |
≥ 46 ft |
| ≥ 32.7 m/s |